Cable TV
Despite roadblocks, India attains 48% digital pay-TV penetration in 8 years: MPA
MUMBAI: Following a blitzkrieg of cable set-top box (STB) deployment, the digitisation process is taking a breather as operators shift focus from deployment to monetisation in order to ensure growth with profitability.
As per a recent Media Partners Asia (MPA) report, the pace of India’s pay-TV growth story may appear to be in trouble. However, the report also points out that the process of profitable digitisation typically takes 15-20 years. “In this context, for a market characterised by low average revenue per user (ARPUs), absence of tiering and fragmented last mile cable distribution, India has done well to attain 48 per cent digital pay-TV penetration in eight years,” the report highlights.
As the industry consolidates and regroups, the current phase of India’s pay-TV industry offers significant opportunities for value creation across various business segments. The key opportunities and levers, according to MPA are as follows:
Cable
Initial STB seeding by cable operators has improved subscriber declarations. Accordingly, with the transition from analog to digital, net ARPUs to multi system operators (MSOs) have grown 10x, to Rs 100 per subscriber per month. However, the current balance sheet position of most MSOs does not justify market expansion. MSOs are therefore compelled to drive operational efficiencies through prepaid services and packages. This helps improve yields from existing digital subscribers. Operators successful in executing such moves will attract refinancing (of existing debt) to expand their consumer offerings with bundled broadband and HD services. Over time, MSOs will also gain more operational control of their networks through majority ownership of joint ventures, and eventually acquire primary points at affordable prices.
At each stage of cable’s evolution, the operating margin for MSOs will grow multifold. The business will remain capital-intensive but as operators grow to become full-service providers, they hold the potential to generate significant returns on capital employed (RoCE). Cable assets should not just be evaluated on reach and the digital subs base but also on their ability to cross-sell high value services such as HD and broadband. Also important is their effective economic interest in the last mile business. As the approach for MSOs shifts from width to depth, structurally, cable platforms will remain concentrated in the top 50 cities. This could change dramatically, however, with the entry of deep-pocketed players such as Reliance Jio and the growth of Headend-in-the-Sky (HITS) platforms, which seek to digitise rural markets.
Several international and long-term financial strategics have also been eyeing partnerships with India’s cable and broadband players. This would help expedite capital as well as technical, operational expertise.
DTH
Since its inception, the DTH sector has made cumulative investments of Rs 275 billion and has been primarily responsible for driving penetration of digital pay-TV. With a base of more than 41 million active subscribers, DTH is poised to benefit from greater economies of scale. In 2014, the DTH industry reported an average EBITDA of Rs 38 per sub per month, with margins at 16 per cent. Moreover, two of the leading operators, Dish TV and Airtel Digital, have already started generating positive free cash flow (FCF).
Over time, MPA expects the DTH industry at large to generate meaningful FCF through:
(1) EBITDA margin expansion, as operating leverage starts to play out with subscriber acquisitions in Phase III and Phase IV DAS markets; and
(2) The composition of incremental revenue becoming driven more by ARPU growth rather than subscriber volumes. Leading players will be able to self finance future growth as well as consolidate the market, creating significant value in the process.
Broadcasting
India’s $3.5 billion broadcast industry remains in a sweet spot. The dual revenue stream of advertising and subscription is expected to benefit from a resurgent economy as well as improved structural dynamics anchored to steady growth in the number of TV households (TVHH) and higher digital pay-TV penetration.
At 60 per cent TVHH penetration, India continues to add seven million new TV homes each year. In other words, at an average family size of 4.5 members, TV is gaining more than 30 million potential viewers each year. Television will continue to offer the highest reach to advertisers, relative to other media. As a result, advertisements will remain the major revenue stream for broadcasters, while an increase in affiliate sales will help stabilise the business and drive profitability.
As of end-2014, total affiliate sales for broadcasters reached $1.1 billion, according to MPA. Significantly, 80 per cent of affiliate revenues were derived from digital subscribers (cable DAS + DTH), while India’s digital pay-TV penetration stood at 48 per cent for the same period. Digitisation has therefore improved subscription yields for broadcasters.
In 2014, an average broadcaster’s yield from digital subscribers stood at Rs 74 per sub per month, against Rs 18 per sub per month from analog. There is therefore upside on affiliate sales, as analog subscribers in Phases III and IV convert to digital.
Besides leading to greater addressability, digitisation has also improved channel distribution economics by lowering the cost of distribution and allowing multiple modes on content delivery (SD, HD SVoD, TVE etc). Although cable continues to account for more than 80 per cent of the carriage and placement (C&P) market in India, since the roll-out of DAS in 2012, the cable net distribution income (or NDI, which is essentially subscription income minus C&P costs) for broadcasters has grown by 137 per cent, to $218 million.
Going forward, the growth of the broadcasting industry will be driven by:
(1) Expansion in advertising through sub-segmentation and identifying new genres
(2) An increase in the addressable subscriber base with more digital homes
(3) Growth in subscription yields: MPA projects total pay-TV channel revenues for broadcasters to grow from $3.5 billion in 2014 to $6.1 billion by 2019, and to $7.9 billion by 2023.
Based on the relative growth for other markets in Asia- Pacific (ex-China), India is expected to contribute more than one-third of the total channel revenue business in the region by 2023. India’s strategic importance in the region cannot be ignored. For major international networks,
India already contributes a significant part of their overall APAC business.
Broadband to sow seeds for new digital assets
Significant investments are also being made in India’s fixed and wireless broadband infrastructure. This will help boost internet penetration and improve average broadband download speeds. To address the challenge of last mile connectivity, the Department of Telecom (DoT) is considering joining forces with cable MSOs and local cable operators to help boost broadband penetration in smaller cities and towns. The above proposal, if implemented, can open new avenues for cable broadband.
MSOs have already increased their investments in broadband. As of end-2014, cable broadband subscribers stood at one million, or only 0.3 per cent penetration of total households in the country. However, the entry of new players such as Reliance Jio could dramatically change the fixed broadband landscape. Having recently secured a pan-India MSO license, the company claims to have built the capacity to serve 20 million fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) customers.
Traditional broadcasters are looking to capitalise on the emerging digital opportunity by investing to create long-term assets. For instance, incumbent broadcasters Zee, Star and Sony have started to aggressively invest in delivering branded OTT services. The belief is that online video consumption will complement the existing linear pay-TV business. Eventually, subscription OTT services will take off as bandwidth costs become more affordable and compelling exclusive content is made available for online audiences. Nonetheless, revenue monetisation will require more scalability, as online video revenues are projected to account for not more than 10 per cent of total video industry revenues over the next decade.
Cable TV
Hathway Cable appoints Gurjeev Singh Kapoor as CEO
Leadership change comes as cable TV faces shrinking subscriber base and modest earnings pressure
MUMBAI: Hathway Cable and Datacom has tapped industry veteran Gurjeev Singh Kapoor as chief executive officer, marking a leadership pivot at a time when India’s cable television business is under mounting strain.
Kapoor will take over from Tavinderjit Singh Panesar, who is set to retire in August after a long innings with the company. Panesar, chief executive since 2023, has held multiple leadership roles at Hathway, including his latest stint beginning in 2022.
Kapoor brings more than three decades of experience in media and entertainment. He most recently led distribution at The Walt Disney Company’s Star India business, now part of JioStar. His career spans television distribution and affiliate partnerships, with stints at Sony Pictures Networks India, Discovery Communications and Zee Entertainment.
Panesar, with over three decades in the industry, has worked across strategic planning, distribution and business development in media, broadcasting and manufacturing. His past associations include ESPN Star Sports, Star India, Apollo Tyres and JK Industries.
The transition lands as the cable sector grapples with structural disruption. Traditional operators are losing ground to streaming platforms, while telecom and broadband players tighten the squeeze with bundled offerings.
An EY report estimates India’s pay-TV base could shrink by a further 30 to 40 million households by 2030, taking the total down to 71 to 81 million. The slide follows a loss of nearly 40 million homes between 2018 and 2024, a contraction that has already wiped out more than 37,000 jobs in the local cable operator ecosystem.
Hathway’s numbers reflect the strain. The company reported a consolidated net profit of Rs 93 crore for FY25, down from Rs 99 crore a year earlier. Revenue inched up to Rs 2,040 crore from Rs 1,981 crore. As of December 2025, it had about 4.7 million cable TV subscribers and roughly 1.02 million broadband users.
Kapoor steps in with a familiar brief but a shrinking playbook. In a market where viewers are cutting cords faster than companies can reinvent them, the new chief executive inherits a business fighting to stay plugged in.
